Individuals are embedded in multiple systems or environments that affect their ability to prevent or adapt to stressors. Their success, in part, depends on the extent to which these systems are supportive. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and others are providing credible evidence that an approach they call PSE--policies, systems, and environments--works (Honeycutt et al., 2015). Extension programming, intended to prevent or mitigate risk and resilience associated with stressors of the farming population, will benefit from incorporating social determinants of health into a sociological framework. Healthy People 2030 (https://health.gov/healthypeople) is the newest in a series of 10-year frameworks developed to help the people of the United States achieve this vision: A society in which all people can achieve their full potential for health and well-being across the lifespan. The framework uses social determinants of health as an approach based on the concept that individuals are embedded in systems that help and hinder the achievement of their health and well-being. Figure 4 shows the five domains of determinants surrounding an individual (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, n.d.)
Human or social ecology and agroecology are systems focused on interactions of multiple systems. Our risk and resilience sociological framework incorporate both and uses the following definitions: Human or social ecology-- the study and application of relationships between people and their natural, social and built environments (Atkiss et al., 2011; Bronfenbrenner, 1994). Agroecology-- the study and application of a holistic, systems-level understanding of food systems sustainability (Gliessman, 2015). Human or social ecology intersect with agroecology when the human, cultural, and social, values, and practices interact with agricultural practices. A socio-ecological theoretical approach moves the focus of interventions from the personal (stress and farm management) to the public (prevention or mitigation of stressors; enhancement of farming practices).
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